Category: Uncategorized

Artificial Intelligence, Banking, Blockchains, cryptography, International Finance, Uncategorized

GENISUS Act: Implications for Stablecoin Issuers

Yogi Nelson

Namaste Yogis.   Welcome to the Blockchain & AI Forum, where your questions are answered!   As a bonus, a proverb is also included.  Today’s question comes from Latasha and she asks what is the GENISUS Act?

The GENISUS Act is a proposed federal law, introduced by Senator Hagerty of Tennessee–your home state.  To no surprise, GENISUS is an acronym: “Guiding and Establishing National Innovation for U.S. Stablecoins, 2025.” (Feds have the best acronyms!  Lol.)  Let’s review GENISUS Act section-by-section, beginning with definitions.

GENISUS defines 23 terms but none more important than Payment Stablecoin. According to GENISUS, a payment stablecoins is a digital asset that is designed to be used as a method of payment/settlement, and which the issuer is obligated to convert, redeem, or repurchased for a fixed amount of monetary value and represents it will maintain or creates the reasonable expectation that it will maintain, a stable value relative to the value of a fixed amount of monetary value, and is not a national currency or a security issued by an investment company.” We now move on to Sections 3 – 7.

Permitted Stablecoin Issuers:  If GENISUS becomes law only a permitted stablecoin issuer can issue stablecoins.  No free lancers permitted!  Don’t even consider it unless you enjoy living in a 6 x 9-foot prison cell with a dude name Buba!  Lol.

Requirements for Issuing Payment Stablecoins. There are a litany of requirements to issue a payment stablecoin.  Below are a few highlights of what issuers must do:

  1. Maintain reserves backing the issuer’s payment stablecoins outstanding on an at least 1 to 1 basis comprising of: U.S. Dollars, demand deposits held in U.S. banks, treasury bills, notes, and bonds of 93 days or less, repurchase agreements of seven days or less, money market funds, Central Bank reserve deposits.  In other words, liquid reserves that are 1-to-1. 
  2. Issuers must also publicly disclose their redemption policy, establish procedures for redemption, and publish monthly composition of the issuer’s reserve. Disclosure!
  3. Monthly compliance certificates from the issuers, CEO and CFO.

Limitations of Stablecoin Activities.  Stablecoin issuers are limited to the following activities:

  • Issue payment stablecoins
  • Redeem payment stablecoins
  • Manage related reserves
  • Provide custodial or safekeeping services for payment stablecoins
  • Other directly related work.

Stablecoin Regulators.  GENISUS does not establish a new federal stablecoin regulator.  Relief! Consequently, if a nationally chartered bank, e.g. Bank of America, issues a stablecoin the same federal banking regulator, Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, (OCC) that supervised Bank of America for safety and soundness, will be tasked with regulating the bank’s stablecoin operations.  Simple.  The same applies if the bank has a FDIC banking charter.  State chartered banks can issue stablecoins, provided their corresponding state banking regulators follows the GENISUS Act. Standard practice in banking.  What if a federal qualified nonbank wants to issue a stablecoin you ask?  OCC will be the regulator of those nonbank stablecoin issuers.  Let’s move on.

Application and Approvals.  From the date the stablecoin regulator deems the application complete, the applicant must be approved or denied within 120 days.  The catch is from the date the application is deemed complete.  A malicious regulator can string an applicant along with a constant request for additional information. 

If the regulator deems the application unsafe it can reject the application but it must explain with specificity, including all findings made by the regulator with respect to all identified material shortcomings in the application, including actionable recommendations on how the applicant could address the identified material shortcomings.  I find this last section unusual and troublesome.  Essentially GENISUS requires the regulator to explain to the applicant how to do their “homework”.  This is problematic.  Afterall, if an applicant is incapable of preparing a coherent application, doesn’t it portent an institution incapable of running the program effectively?  I think so.  Moreover, if the stablecoin issuer fails, will it blame the banking regulator for its failure given the issuer could reasonably claim it followed the regulator’s instruction? 

Rulemaking.  Did you know that when Congress passed a law it writes into the law a section titled rulemaking?  The purpose of this section is to authorized and require the executive branch to write the regulations necessary to implement the letter and spirit of the law.  In the case of GENISUS, Congress directed the various stablecoin regulators to issue the regulations within 180 days from the day GENISUS becomes law.  Regulators, you better step on the gas!

Time for me to make a genesis appearance at my next engagement but before I go, I leave you with this proverb from Turkey: “a hungry bear does not dance”.

Until next time,

Yogi Nelson

Artificial Intelligence, Blockchains, cryptography, Germany, Uncategorized

Latest Trends in Crypto Key Management: Insights from Germany

Yogi Nelson

Namaste Yogis.   Welcome to the Blockchain & AI Forum, where your blockchain technology questions are answered!  As a bonus, a proverb is also included.  Today’s question comes from Wolfgang in Stuttgart and he wants to know what is the latest in crypto currency key management from Germany?

Wolfgang, you came to the right place.  I understand why you would ask this question and its importance.  After all, as often said in the crypto world, “not your keys, not your crypto!”.  With that in mind I drove deep into academic research for the latest findings.  I discovered an article titled, “Perceptions of Distributed Ledger Technology Key Management – An Interview Study with Finance Professionals”, Guthoff, et al, 2023, Helmhotz Center for Information Security, Germany.  Their paper is focused on key management for financial institutions not individuals, nevertheless it is fascinating to learn what the BIG BOYS & GIRLS are thinking. .https://publications.cispa.saarland/3948/1/guthoff2023keymanagement.pdf

RESEARCH BACKGROUND AND METHODOLOGY:  The researchers focused their attention on private key management within the traditional financial sector (trad-fi) and the cryptocurrency space (de-fi).  By incorporating the views and perspectives of employees working in trad-fi and de-fi, the unique perspectives of the established and newer financial institutions were both included. Nice!  In section two, the authors define a number of essential terms readers must understand to completely comprehend the findings.  Below are two examples of terms that were defined:

Key Management:  the activities involving the handling of cryptographic keys and other related key information during the entire life cycle of the keys, including their generation, storage, establishment, entry and output, use, and destruction. According Guthoff, key management is a combination of different key-related aspects, including key usage and storage.  Guthoff explains further that the goal of key management is to generate, store, distribute, use, and revoke cryptographic keys (integrated into enterprise processes) while keeping the private key secret. Key Management is not necessarily equal to a (cryptocurrency) wallet, but a wallet may be used as a simple tool for key management.

Custodial Key Storage: is the storage of keys by a separate party, which can be either in-house or a third entity that does not use the key. This party can, but does not have to, take care of all other aspects of KM. For self-managed assets, this could be a cryptocurrency exchange. For financial institutions, custodial key storage can be implemented in-house or externally by an intermediary.

Research Findings:  Essentially, the threats to key management fall into four different categories: internal, external, systems and infrastructure, and force majeure.  Force majeure means unforeseeable circumstances.  Unfortunately, the research paper covers too many findings for me to discuss them all; hence, instead I’ll give you just a few highlights.

Multi-signature keys:  Multi-signature keys were a hot topic among respondent and participants were enthusiastic about the concept.  According to the survey participants the two main benefits of this technique were resilience against key loss or compromise and added protection against malicious employees. Some participants also proposed storage of keys at a bank or a notary as a backup option.

Invisible Key Usage. The invisible key usage pertains to trad-fi but has implications for de-because management of private keys definitely holds back mass adoption.  In the view of the survey participants, they preferred a solution where key usage is mostly encapsulated within an application and hidden away from the user.  Although participants were referring to enterprise systems, the principle applies–the risk of losing a key through an attack or intended malicious actions by an employee.  Participants thought usage of the key is best through access via personal credentials like username and password or multifactor authentication, using a phone or biometric features.

CONCLUSION:  Bad news–researchers are skeptical whether existing key management systems can function effectively at the enterprise scale.  They say efforts to maintain on-chain authentication and audit functionality covering day-to-day operations, e.g. employee absence or shifting responsibilities within the organization – as well as – contingencies such as key compromise or force majeure events – is unmanageable, except for the smallest institutions. 

Time to say goodbye with a proverb from Germany: “one becomes wise through damage”.

Until next time,

Yogi Nelson

AI Agents, Artificial Intelligence, Blockchains, climate-change, cryptography, Environment, Uncategorized

How Blockchain Can Drive Chile’s Renewable Energy Transition

Yogi Nelson

Namaste Yogis.   Welcome to the Blockchain & AI Forum, where your technology questions are answered!   As a bonus, a proverb is also included.  Today’s question comes from Fernando in Santiago de Chile, and he ask if blockchain technology can aid Chile in its transition to renewable energy?

Fernando, you came to the right place.  This is an excellent question.  I thought to myself what institution is likely to investigate this issue; thus while traveling through Chile recently I found a research paper from the World Bank titled, “Using Blockchain to Support the Energy Transition and Climate Markets:  Results and Lessons from a Pilot Project in Chile”.   Let’s go over their findings, but first a word about blockchains.

What is a Blockchain: A blockchain is a shared ledger of transactions between parties in a network, not controlled by a single central authority. One can think of a ledger like a record book: it records and stores all transactions between users in chronological order. Instead of one authority controlling this ledger (e.g. bank), an identical copy of the ledger is held by all users on the network.  Let’s examine how blockchain technology can play a part in Chile’s energy policy as it transitions from carbon-based energy and facilitates market solutions to climate change challenges.

Global Energy Transition: According to World Bank researchers, humans are racing towards renewable energy solutions.  The International Energy Agency, reports renewables account for 13% of the energy market; an increase of 24% since 2017.  However, the more insightful statistic is that from 2017 – 2024 renewables produced 70% of the global growth in electricity generation, led by solar photovoltaic and followed by wind, hydropower, and bioenergy. Why?  Industry expert say the accelerated pace of renewable energy sources is the consequence of both concern over climate change and the increased rate of technological innovation in the industry.  

Chile’s Renewable Energy Policy: Chile aspires to be a global leader in international climate policy.  The government has committed to phase out coal by 2040 and move toward carbon neutrality by 2050. Chile is on target to meet its commitment of generating 45% of all electricity from renewable sources.  Nice! However, Chile has more room to run.  In fact, some estimations suggest that by 2030 up to 75% of electric power generation in Chile could come from renewable sources. The energy transition—and the use of market instruments— may be the key to accelerating Chile’s emissions reduction targets. Chile is also exploring the development of a strategy for participating in integrated carbon markets.

Chile’s Renewable Energy Pilot Program:  Chile’s Ministry of Energy created the Public Solar Roofs Program to support the installation of PV systems in public buildings.  The objectives were to reduce the cost of operating public buildings, stimulate the market for PV solutions through the installation of solar panels, and generate free public access to information on the costs and conditions of PV projects aimed at self-consumption. Its objective was to test a blockchain-based system of certification for renewable and emissions reductions. The project installed hardware and developed a blockchain algorithm designed especially for DER installations. To validate data, project managers used a measurement system independent of the generation plant, which read multiple climatological variables, including solar irradiation. The blockchain platform records the following information:

• Geolocation in Universal Transverse Mercator coordinates

• Time stamp using Coordinated Universal Time

• Environmental data (radiation and ambient temperature)

• Electricity generation (obtained from the billing meter or data acquisition system) • Identification of the PV facility

• Media Access Control (MAC) address of the facility (unique identifier of the network device).

RESULTS: The pilot helped strengthen and develop the market for small-scale renewable energy generation, which has had difficulties taking off, by creating additional incentives through the potential sale of climate assets. The authors noted that although there are benefits to blockchain technology, scalability and replicability remain a challenge. Last, the project developed and generated a shared ledge system of relevant energy generation and emission reduction data.

Fernando, I hope you enjoyed this article about what your country’s transition to renewable energy.  I say goodbye with a proverb from Chile, “words are like the wind, they can carry good or bad seeds”.

Until next time,

Yogi Nelson

AI Agents, Artificial Intelligence, cryptography, Uncategorized, Yogi Nelson

AI in Healthcare: Key Findings from Recent Research

Yogi Nelson

Namaste Yogis.   Welcome to the Blockchain & AI Forum, where your blockchain and artificial intelligence technology questions are answered!   As a bonus, a proverb is also included.  Today’s question, submitted by Doctor Vargas of Manati, PR, and she wants to understand what academic researchers in the field of health care are say about the use of artificial intelligence.

Doctor Vargas, you came to the right place.  There has been an explosion in research related to AI in health care. I have an answer to your question based on an article titled, Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare Institutions: A Systematic Literature Review on Influencing Factors by Roppelt, Kanbach, and Kraus, 2024 in a scholarly journal called, Science Direct.  Time to examine what the literature says. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160791X23002488

According to the researchers, the global health system is facing serious challenges.  They cite the growing number of patients due to population growth, increased prevalence of chronic diseases, increasing healthcare costs, and staff shortages.   The good news is AI has the potential to solve some of the challenges ahead, claim the authors.  The researchers say, “… AI is a technology that, through rules-based logic, can help to significantly speed up the process of analyzing vast amounts of data and leverage patterns by mimicking human intelligence.  AI may result in fast and often better-advised decisions. Thus, as it pertains to the healthcare industry, AI has the potential to overcome staff shortages in developing and developed countries, enhance organizational efficiency, and maximize diagnostic accuracy as well as patient outcomes by providing at least comparable results in terms of quality compared to human based assessments. Consequently, Al may reduce costs due to avoidance of inefficiencies, unnecessary treatments, and late diagnoses.

THE UNIVERSE OF LITERATURE REVIEWED BY THE RESEARCHERS

Researchers discovered approximately 1,100 published articles on the topic since 2023.  However, after analyzing the universe of literature in greater detailed soon learned only about 130 were truly on point.  The authors also found that most studies were published in journals related to information technology, not medicine, or journals dedicated to the nexus of AI and medicine.  Nearly 60 % elaborate generally on the factors influencing AI adoption in the healthcare industry, with the US at the high end of the spectrum.  AI seems to be most widely adopted in cardiology and radiology and rather at an early stage in dermatology and psychiatry.  Interesting that there are not many studies of AI in medicine in business management journals.

FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE AI ADOPTION IN HEALTHCARE:  THE FINDINGS

Macro-economic readiness. The research at Science Direct found that macro-economic readiness is mainly driven by governments.  For example, the research say adequate IT infrastructure, e.g., access to smart devices for the population and energy adequacy, especially for remote areas and certain populations.  Also of interest is the role played by “AI communities.”  The notion is that when there are established partnerships, collaborations, etc. the network effects kicks in and the impact is exponential. 

Technological readiness.  Researchers are finding that technological readiness depends on three factors: 

  • The importance of overcoming algorithmic challenges.  What type of algorithmic challenges?  Many, including lack of data, and/or inferior quality, etc.
  • Provide a compelling, multi-faceted value proposition.  The most obvious are clearly added value in the form of efficiency, user-friendliness, adherence to data-privacy regulations, interoperability, and the ability to tailor the application to individual needs.

Regulatory readiness.  Essentially, the authors are suggesting close collaborations with regulators.  The author point to three key issues:  political support, clarification of legal questions, and establishment of regulations. As a former government regulator, this is sage advice but not easy to execute because contrary to popular belief the “government” is not a unified organism.

Organizational readiness.  A failure to plan is a plan to failure, say the authors hence the reason they strongly recommend to prepare the organization before implementing an AI health care system or be prepared to fail.  The researchers break down the steps into four steps:  prepare an organizational strategy, develop a supportive organizational culture, clear tasks and assignments, and an adequate IT setup.

User readiness. Recognizing that organizations consists of people, the researchers says users are at the center.  Furthermore, researchers conclude four facts are the key to user readiness:

  • Awareness:  in other words, do users know the technology exist?
  • Beliefs:  do users believe the technology will work? 
  • Personal innovativeness:  are users willing to try something new?
  • The financial situation of the individual: 

Doctor Vargas, now you know what the literature says.  I hope this helped.  I end with a proverb from Mexico:  in the absence of love, some tacos al pastor will do.”

Until Next Time,

Yogi Nelson

AI Agents, Artificial Intelligence, Banking, cryptography, DARPA, Digital Currency, International Finance, Uncategorized, Yogi Nelson

How DARPA Battles Global Money Laundering with AI

Yogi Nelson

Namaste Yogis.   Welcome to the Blockchain & AI Forum, where your technology questions are answered!   As a bonus, a proverb is also included.  Today’s question, comes from Kirk in Chicago and he wants to know if the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD)is fighting global money laundering?

WHAT IS DARPA

Kirk, you came to the right place.  Yes, DoD is fighting global money laundering.  However, not with tanks and rifles, missiles, etc. as you might expect from a military organization.  Nope, the DoD says it has enlisted in the battle using advanced technology, including artificial intelligence!  I’ll explain shortly what this is all about but first let’s take a moment to understand what office within the DoD will lead the effort.  It’s a fascinating agency with a stellar record of accomplishments; its acronym is DARPA.  The formal name is the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency.  If you like the internet, GPS, stealth technology, and autonomous systems you can thank DARPA as it was the driving force behind all of those innovations, plus numerous others, and perhaps even more that have been kept secret from the public as a matter of national security.  Generally, DARPA is known as the office with DoD responsible for developing technologies for military use.  Why DARPA is involved in global money laundering begs the question as opposed to leaving the job to the the U.S. Treasury?  But for now, let’s put that aside and examine the recent DARPA announcement regarding anti-money laundering.

DARPA ANTI-MONEY INITIATIVE ANNOUCEMENT

According to a January 23rd, announcement by DARPA, it (DARPA) wants to eliminate global money laundering by replacing the current manual, reactive, and expensive analytic practices with agile, algorithmic methods.  Good idea, but isn’t that the job of the U.S. Treasury and if it is why would DARPA be involved?  In other words, what is the nexus between money laundering and DARPA’s mission?  Well, the answer given by DARPA is “… U.S. adversaries launder billions of U.S. dollars yearly and half of North Korea’s nuclear program is backed by laundered funds.  Money laundering finances our adversaries’ weapons programs, global terrorism, and the illicit drug trade, all of which threaten U.S. national security”.  A stretch but okayyyyy…

WHAT PROBLEMS DOES DARPA INTEND TO SOLVE

DARPA is facing two challenges not one.  The first is the global money laundering issue.  Essentially, DARPA states that money laundering schemes often evade detection and disruption, because anti-money laundering (AML) efforts today rely on manual analysis of large amounts of data and are limited by finite resources and human cognitive processing speed.  The second problem requires the reader to read between the lines.  What is it?  Essentially, the financial industry writ large and the U.S. Treasury have been unable or unwilling to invest in the technology to combat the problem, hence DARPA will step in because the illicit funds are not just a finance issue—they are a national security concern. What is the DARPA solution?

DARPA SOLUTION—APPLICATION OF ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY

In their announcement, DARPA says it seeks new technological ideas that “… preserve privacy while setting a course to end to our adversaries’ financial warfare”.  The goal is to develop rapid graph-search algorithms to sift through financial transactions graphs for suspicious patterns and learn new patterns to anticipate future activities. Program success will depend on algorithms’ ability to learn a precise representation of how bad actors move money around the world without sharing sensitive data.”  A tall order indeed.  When it comes to moving illicit money around the world they may want to read the Panama Papers as a manual. 

DARPA envisions creating technologies that identify patterns of illicit financial behavior in a concise, machine-readable format that are also easily understood by human analysts.  Resulting algorithms would be able to search financial databases that matches patterns of illicit behavior, alerting to the likely presence of money laundering without directly sharing sensitive financial data.  DARPA does acknowledge that developing technology that enables information exchange while safeguarding Americans’ privacy will be a challenge. What an understatement! 

Companies interested in submitting bids should attend the DARPA bidders conference on February 20, 2025 in Arlington, VA. https://sam.gov/opp/22562059531b4979814b8b9fcd03e3ec/view.

Time to go but first a proverb from Mongolia: “… if the source is muddy, the end will be muddy too.”

Until next time,

Yogi Nelson